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Restricted traffic lane

A high-occupancy vehicle lane (too known as an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, 2+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes) is a restricted traffic lane reserved for the sectional use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. These restrictions may be only imposed during top travel times or may apply at all times. According to the criteria used there are different types of lanes: temporary or permanent with concrete barriers; ii-directional or reversible; and exclusive, concurrent or contraflow lanes working in height periods.[ane] The normal minimum occupancy level is 2 or 3 occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and law enforcement vehicles, low-emission and other green vehicles, and/or unmarried-occupancy vehicles paying a price. HOV lanes are usually introduced to increment boilerplate vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution,[ii] [3] [4] although their effectiveness is questionable.[five] [6]

Regional and corporate-sponsored vanpools, carpools, and rideshare communities requite commuters a fashion to increment occupancy. For places without such services, online rideshare communities can serve a similar purpose.[ citation needed ] Slugging lines are common in some places, where solo drivers choice upwardly a passenger to share the ride and allow them to use the HOV lane. High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), which permit solo driver vehicles to use HOV lanes on payment of a fee which varies depending on need, have as well been introduced in the U.s.a. and Canada.

History [edit]

United States [edit]

The commencement freeway HOV facility opened in 1969 in the Shirley Highway in Northern Virginia. As of 2012 the I-95/I-395 HOV facility operates as a two-lane bulwark-separated reversible HOV 3+ facility (center lanes) with access through elevated on- and off-ramps.

Earlier 2020, Caltrans traditionally preferred to employ the term "carpool" in lieu of "HOV," equally seen on Interstate 405 in Los Angeles.

The introduction of HOV lanes in the United States progressed slowly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Major growth occurred from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s.[seven] The first state highway HOV lane in the United States was implemented in the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Northern Virginia, between Washington, DC, and the Capital Beltway, and was opened in 1969 as a motorcoach-only lane.[seven] [8] [9] The busway was opened in December 1973 to carpools with four or more than occupants, becoming the get-go instance in which buses and carpools officially shared a HOV lane over a considerable distance.[ten] [11]

In 2005, the two lanes of this HOV 3+ facility carried during the morning pinnacle hour (6:30 am to nine:30 am) a total of 31,700 people in 8,600 vehicles (three.7 persons/veh), while the iii or four general-purpose lanes carried 23,500 people in 21,300 vehicles (1.i persons/veh). Average travel time in the HOV facility was 29 minutes, and 64 minutes in the full general traffic lanes.[12] As of 2012, the I-95/I-395 HOV facility is 30 mi (48 km) long, extends from Washington, D.C., to Dumfries, Virginia, and has two reversible lanes separated from the regular lanes by barriers, with admission through elevated on- and off-ramps. 3 or more people in a vehicle (HOV three+) are required to travel on the facility during blitz hours on weekdays.[13]

The 2nd state highway HOV facility was the contraflow bus lane on the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Jersey, opened in 1970.[7] According to the Federal Highway Assistants (FHWA), the Lincoln Tunnel XBL is the country's HOV facility with the highest number of peak hour persons among HOV facilities with utilization data available, with 23,500 persons in the morning peak,[8] and 62,000 passengers during the four-hour morning meridian.[fourteen]

The first permanent HOV facility in California was the bypass lane at the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge toll plaza, opened to the public in Apr 1970.[9] The El Monte Busway (I-10 / San Bernardino Freeway) in Los Angeles was initially only bachelor for buses when information technology opened in 1973. Three-person carpools were allowed to use the bus lane for three months in 1974 due to a strike by omnibus operators, and then permanently at a 3+ HOV from 1976. It is one of the most efficient HOV facilities in North America[15] and is currently being converted into a high-occupancy cost lane operation to allow depression-occupancy vehicles to bid for excess capacity on the lane in the Metro ExpressLanes project.[xvi]

Starting time in the 1970s, the Urban Mass Transit Administration recognized the advantages of sectional bus lanes and encouraged their funding. In the 1970s the FHWA began to allow thruway agencies to spend federal funds on HOV lanes.[10] As a issue of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, interest in ridesharing picked upwards, and states began experimenting with HOV lanes. In order to reduce rough oil consumption, the 1974 Emergency Highway Free energy Conservation Act mandated maximum speed limits of 55 mph (89 km/h) on public highways and became the first instance when the U.S. federal government provided funding for ridesharing and states were immune to spend their highway funds on rideshare sit-in projects. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assist Act made funding for rideshare initiatives permanent.[11]

Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the outset time as a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Clean Air Human activity Amendments established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial potency to regulate air quality attainment. A final control program for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its principal provisions was a two-phase conversion of 184 mi (296 km) of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to bus/carpool lanes and the development of a regional computerized carpool matching system. However, information technology took until 1985 before whatever HOV project was constructed in Los Angeles County, and past 1993 there were only 58 mi (93 km) of HOV lanes countywide.[eleven]

A significant policy shift took place in October 1990, when a memorandum from the FHWA administrator stated that "FHWA strongly supports the objective of HOV preferential facilities and encourages the proper application of HOV engineering science." Regional administrators were directed to promote HOV lanes and related facilities.[x] Also in the early on 1990s, two laws reinforced the U.S. delivery to HOV lane construction. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 included HOV lanes as i of the transportation control measures that could be included in country implementation plans to attain federal air quality standards. The 1990 amendments also deny the administrator of the EPA the authority to block FHWA from funding 24-hour HOV lanes as part of the sanctions for a land's failure to comply with the Clean Air Human action, if the secretary of transportation wishes to approve the FHWA funds.[ten]

On the other hand, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Human activity (ISTEA) of 1991 encouraged the construction of HOV lanes, which were fabricated eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds in regions not attaining federal air quality standards. CMAQ funds may exist spent on new HOV lane construction, even if the HOV designation holds only at height travel times or in the peak management. ISTEA also provided that under the Interstate Maintenance Program, simply HOV projects would receive the ninety% federal matching ratio formerly available for the addition of general purpose lanes. ISTEA, in addition, permitted country government to define a high occupancy vehicle as having a minimum of two occupants (HOV two+).[x]

As of 2009, California was the country with the most HOV facilities in the country, with 88, followed by Minnesota with 83 facilities, Washington with 41, Texas with 35, and Virginia with 21. By 2006, HOV lanes in California were operating at two-thirds of their capacity, and these HOV facilities carried on boilerplate 2,518 persons per hr during superlative hours, substantially more people than the congested general-traffic lanes.[2]

As of October 2016, the longest continuous HOV facility in the U.Southward. is on I-15 in Utah, extending approximately 72.0 mi (115.ix km) from Layton to Castilian Fork with a single HOV lane in each direction for a total of 144.0 mi (231.7 km) of HOV lanes.[17] While the Utah facility is the longest, the I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area extends 56.0 mi (ninety.one km) but has two HOV lanes in each direction for a full of 224.0 mi (360.5 km) of HOV lanes.[8]

As of 2012, there are some 126 HOV facilities on freeways in 27 metropolitan areas in the U.s., which includes over one,000 corridor miles (1,600 km).[eighteen]

Canada [edit]

The first HOV facilities in Canada were opened in Greater Vancouver and Toronto in the early 1990s, followed before long past facilities in Ottawa, Gatineau, Montreal, and later Calgary. As of 2010 there were about 150 km (93 mi) of highway HOV lanes in 11 locations in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, and over 130 km (81 mi) of arterial HOV lanes in 24 locations in Greater Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, and Gatineau.[2] The Ontario Ministry building of Transportation (MTO) in 2006 estimated that commuters in Toronto using the HOV facilities on Highways 403 and 404 were saving fourteen–17 minutes per trip compared to their travel time before the HOV lanes opened. The MTO also estimated that virtually forty% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 eastbound in the morning superlative hour, compared to 14% in 2003, and 37% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 westbound in the afternoon peak hour, compared to 22% in 2003. The average rush 60 minutes speed on the HOV lanes is 100 km/h (62 mph), compared to 60 km/h (37 mph) in general-traffic lanes on Highway 403.[2] Temporary HOV lanes were added to selections of 400-serial highways in the Greater Toronto Surface area for the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games.

Europe [edit]

As of 2012, at that place are a few HOV lanes in operation in Europe. The primary reason for this is that, in full general, European cities accept better public transport services and fewer high-capacity multi-lane urban motorways than exercise the U.S. and Canada. Still, at around 1.3 persons per vehicle, average car occupancy is relatively low in most European cities.[xix] The accent in Europe has been on providing bus lanes and on-street passenger vehicle priority measures.[xx]

The beginning HOV lane in Europe was opened in kingdom of the netherlands in October 1993 and operated until Baronial 1994. Its facility was a 7 km (4.iii mi) bulwark-separated HOV three+ on the A1 about Amsterdam. The facility did not attract plenty users to overcome public criticism and was converted to a reversible lane open to general traffic after the judge in a legal test instance ruled that Dutch traffic law lacked the concept of a car pool and thus that the principle of equality was violated.[twenty] [21]

Spain was the side by side European land to introduce HOV lanes, when median reversible HOV lanes were opened in Madrid's A-vi in 1995. This facility is Europe'south oldest HOV facility that is withal in operation.[20]

The first HOV facility in the United kingdom opened in Leeds in 1998. The facility was implemented on A647 route near Leeds as an experimental scheme, only it became permanent. The HOV facility is ane.5 km (0.93 mi) long and operates as a HOV ii+ facility.[19] [20] [22]

A ii.viii km (ane.7 mi) HOV 3+ facility opened in Linz, Republic of austria, in 1999.

The first HOV lane in Norway was implemented in May 2001 as an HOV iii+ on Elgeseter Street, an undivided four-lane arterial road in Trondheim. This facility was followed by HOV lanes in Oslo and Kristiansand.[twenty] [23]

New Zealand and Australia [edit]

The first HOV lane (known every bit a Transit Lane T2 or T3[24]) in Australia opened in Feb 1992, located on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne travelling inbound.[25] In May 2005, T2 Transit lanes were opened on Hoddle Street in Melbourne.[26] As of 2012, there were also T2 and T3 facilities in Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.

In Auckland, New Zealand, there are several short HOV two+ and 3+ lanes throughout the region, ordinarily known as T2 and T3 lanes.[27] There is a T2 transit lane in Tamaki Bulldoze, in a short stretch between Okahu Bay Reserve and downtown Auckland.[28] At that place are as well T2 priority lanes on Auckland's Northern, Southern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Motorways. These priority lanes are left-side on-ramp lanes heading towards the thruway, where vehicles with two or more than people tin can bypass the ramp meter bespeak. Priority lanes can also exist used by trucks, buses, and motorcycles, and the priority lanes tin can be used by carpoolers at any fourth dimension.[28] Xi lanes were opened to electrical vehicles in a i-year trial from September 2017.[29] In that location are also several brusk T2 and T3 facilities in North Shore City operating during rush hours.[30]

Republic of indonesia [edit]

In Dki jakarta, HOV 3+ is known every bit "Three in One" (Tiga dalam satu) and was kickoff implemented by governor Sutiyoso. HOV 3+ is implemented on weekdays in existing roads of Sisingamangaraja Road (fast and slow lane), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (fast and slow lane), Jalan M.H. Thamrin (fast and irksome lane), Medan Merdeka Barat Road, Majapahit Route, and sections of Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. The policy was originally implemented only between vii:00 am and ten:00 am. Since the introduction of Dki jakarta'due south bus rapid transit in December 2003, the policy was extended to 7:00 am – ten:00 am and 4:00 pm – 7:00 pm. In September 2004, the evening fourth dimension was inverse to 4:xxx pm – 7:00 pm.[ citation needed ] Car jockeys are paid past drivers to ride on vehicles, so that those vehicles would bypass the iii in one restriction.[31] [32] On August 30, 2016, an odd–even rationing (ganjil-genap) system began to replace "3-in-ane" rule, after a successful trial. Odd plate numbers can enter sometime "three-in-1" areas on odd days and fifty-fifty plate numbers on even ones.[33]

People's republic of china [edit]

In Shenzhen, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Binhai Avenue since 25 Apr 2016. The policy was then extended to seven:xxx am – 9:30 am and five:xxx pm – 9:thirty pm.

In Chengdu, from January 23, 2017, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Kehua Route S, Kehua Road Middle, and Tianfu Avenue Department 1 and 2, during 7:00 am-ix: 00 am and 5:00 pm-7: 00 pm.

In Dalian, an throughway (Northeast Expressway, or Dongbei Superhighway) linking old boondocks and new town had i lane in both outbound and inbound directions set to HOV 2+. Starting from September xx, 2017, commuters can opt to drive in HOV lane on Northeast Freeway during the forenoon peak hours of 06:thirty-08:30, and evening peak hours of 16:30-nineteen:00. A fine of CNY100 (about USD15) will exist enforced for first violators. For a 2nd violation, the fine will double.

Pattern and operations [edit]

An HOV lane on I-24 in Nashville, Tennessee. These lanes part every bit HOV lanes only on weekdays during rush 60 minutes, and as regular lanes the rest of the time.

HOV lanes may be either a single traffic lane within the main roadway with distinctive markings or a separate roadway with one or more traffic lanes either parallel to the general lanes or course-separated, to a higher place or beneath the general lanes. For case, Interstate 110 in California has four HOV lanes on an upper deck.

HOV bypass lanes to allow carpool traffic and police to bypass areas of regular congestion in many places and an HOV lane may operate every bit a reversible lane, working in the management of the ascendant traffic flow in both the morning and the afternoon. All lanes of a 10 miles (16 km) section of the Interstate 66 in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., are treated as an HOV during the rush hour in the main direction of flow.[xiii]

The traffic speed differential betwixt HOV and general-purpose lanes creates a potentially dangerous situation if the HOV lanes are not separated by a bulwark. A Texas Transportation Plant report found that HOV lanes lacking bulwark separations acquired a 50% increase in injury crashes.[34]

Variants [edit]

Concern access and transit lane [edit]

A business organisation access and transit (BAT) lane is a type of HOV lane that allows for all traffic to enter the lane for a short distance in order to admission other streets and concern entrances.[35]

Loftier-occupancy toll lane [edit]

Because some HOV lanes were not utilized to their full chapters, users of low- or single-occupancy vehicles may be permitted to apply an HOV lane if they pay a toll. This scheme is known equally loftier-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lanes), and information technology has been introduced mainly in the United States. The first applied implementation was California'southward formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orangish Canton, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 past Interstate 15 north of San Diego.[36] [37] According to the Texas A&Grand Transportation Institute, by 2012 there were 294 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes and 163 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes nether structure in the U.s.a..[38]

FasTrak RFID station in Orange County, California

Solo drivers are permitted to use the HOV lanes upon payment of a fee that varies based on demand. Tolls alter throughout the day according to real-time traffic atmospheric condition, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to maintain expert journey times.[39] [40]

Proponents claim that all motorists benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument applies just to projects that increase the total number of lanes.[41] Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to employ transit and ridesharing.[ citation needed ] There has been controversy over this concept, and HOT schemes have been called "Lexus" lanes, as critics see this new pricing scheme every bit a perk for the rich.[42]

HOT tolls are collected by manned price booths, automatic number plate recognition, or electronic toll collection systems. Some systems use RFID transmitters to monitor entry and exiting of the lane and charge drivers depending on need. Typically, tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increase, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion inside the lanes.[43] [44]

Qualifying vehicles [edit]

A slugging area, where solo drivers find a rider to apply the HOV

Qualification for HOV status varies by scheme, but the following vehicles may be included:

  • Individual cars and taxis with a minimum number of human being occupants (often two or 3), including babies of whatsoever age (but merely subsequently birth)[45]
  • Unmarried-occupant green vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and bombardment electric vehicles[46] [47]
  • Motorcycles[48] - motorcycles are allowed via federal United States HOV lane law (Title 23, Section 166).[49] They cannot use HOV lanes in Ontario unless they have 2 passengers.[50]
  • Buses designed to transport xvi or more than passengers, including the driver[45]
  • Public utility vehicles when responding to emergency calls[45]
  • Bicycles[48]
  • Police force are allowed to use the HOV lanes in Ontario.[51]

New York City HOV lane codes prior to 2008 did non allow motorcycles leading to ticketing of motorcycle drivers and complaints from the American Motorcyclist Clan, simply accept since been revised to comply with the federal regulations listed above.[49] [52] [53]

In some jurisdictions such as Ontario, Canada, taxicabs and airport limousines are allowed to utilize HOV lanes even when no passenger is present considering that vehicle "volition exist able return to duty faster after dropping off a fare or make it sooner to pick up a fare, thereby moving more people to their destinations in fewer vehicles".[50]

In Virginia, the San Francisco Bay Surface area, Houston, and other HOV lane locations, commuters form sluglines where drivers pick up one or more passengers from a designated "casual carpool" or "slug lines" to bulldoze on HOV lanes; the driver pulls over most the sluglines and shouts out their destination, and people in the line going to that destination enter the car on a commencement-come up, first-served basis.[54]

Compliance, enforcement, and avoidance [edit]

Fines are usually imposed on drivers of non-qualifying vehicles who use the lanes.[55]

Following the introduction of HOVs, some drivers placed inflatable dolls in the passenger seat, a practice that persists today, even though it is now illegal.[55] Cameras that tin can distinguish between humans and mannequins or dolls were tested in the Uk in 2005.[56]

In the United States, law enforcement officials have documented a variety of methods used by drivers in attempts to circumvent HOV occupancy rules:

  • Placing store mannequins, blow-up dolls, kickboxing dummies, or cardboard cut-outs in the passenger seat;
  • Taping styrofoam wig stands with wigs or balloons with faces drawn on them to the passenger seat headrest;
  • Buckling the passenger-side seat belt and pretending to talk to someone reclining in that seat;
  • Tinting the front windshield and/or lowering the passenger side visor in an effort to obstruct the view into the rider seat;
  • Covering an empty infant seat with a coating and/or placing a doll in information technology;
  • Strapping dogs, cats, or other pets into the passenger seat.[57]

In early on 2006, an Arizona woman asserted that she had been improperly ticketed for using the HOV lane because the unborn child she was conveying in her womb justified her apply of the lane, while noting that Arizona traffic laws exercise non define what constitutes a person. Nonetheless, a approximate afterwards ruled that to qualify equally an "individual" under Arizona traffic laws, the individual must occupy a "separate and singled-out" space in a vehicle.[57] Likewise, in California, in order to use HOV lanes, in that location must be two (or, if posted, 3) split individuals occupying seats in a vehicle, and an unborn child does not count towards this requirement.[58]

In 2009 and 2010 information technology was found that non-compliance rates on HOV lanes in Brisbane, Australia, were approaching ninety%. Enhanced enforcement led to increased compliance, boilerplate passenger vehicle journey times dropped by about 19%, and total person throughput increased by 12%.[59]

In February 2010, a 61-year-old woman tried to pass off a life-sized mannequin as a passenger in order to use the HOV lane in New York State. A police officeholder on a routine HOV patrol became suspicious when he noticed that the then-chosen passenger was wearing sunglasses and using the visor on a cloudy morning time. When the officer approached the vehicle, he discovered that the "rider" was, in fact, a mannequin wearing lipstick, designer shades, a full-length wig, and a blue sweater. The driver was issued a traffic ticket for using the HOV lane without a human rider, which carries a fine of $135 in 2010 and ii points on a driver'due south license.[lx] [61]

In January 2013, a motorist tried to claim that the Articles of Incorporation of his business, which had been placed unbuckled on the passenger's seat, constituted a person, citing the principle of corporate personhood and California'southward land Vehicle Code, which defines a person as "natural persons and corporations". This argument was rejected in traffic court, where the presiding approximate commented, "Common sense says carrying a sheaf of papers in the front seat does not save traffic congestion."[62]

In March 2015, a motorist tried to apply a cardboard cutout of actor Jonathan Goldsmith to access an HOV lane in Fife, Washington. The officeholder noted that other drivers had used sleeping bags in before attempts to access the HOV lane.[63]

Effectiveness [edit]

According to 2009 information from the U.S. census, 76% bulldoze to piece of work alone and merely ten% rideshare. For suburban commuters working in a metropolis, the solo driving rate is 82%.[64]

Some underused HOV lanes in several states accept been converted to loftier-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), which offer solo drivers admission to HOV lanes after paying a price.[64]

HOV lanes are too an constructive way to manage traffic after natural disasters, every bit seen in New York Metropolis afterward Hurricane Sandy in Oct 2012. At the fourth dimension Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from inbound Manhattan. The restriction afflicted all bridges and tunnels inbound the city except the George Washington Bridge.[65]

Criticism [edit]

Critics have argued that HOV lanes are underused. It is unclear whether HOV lanes are sufficiently used to recoup for delays in the other mixed-utilise lanes.[66] [67]

The situations accept caused social problems in Indonesia, where some people become "auto jockey", people who brand their living past offer drivers to fill their car in order to see the occupancy limit. Reportedly, the situation caused people stay in unemployment for doing so, increased congestion and allow parents profit from their babies.[68] [69] [70] [71] [33] [72] [73]

Gallery [edit]

  • Standard restrictive traffic sign in the United States. The diamond symbol (◊) indicates a preferential-just lane restriction, in this case an HOV with ii or more occupants

  • California'south red Clean Air Vehicle sticker to allow solo access for electric cars to HOV lanes.

  • California's green Make clean Air Vehicle sticker used to allow solo access for plug-in hybrids to HOV lanes.

See too [edit]

  • Bus rapid transit
  • Crush load – High rider vehicle occupancy leading to burdensome
  • Headway – Altitude between vehicles in a transit system measured in time or space
  • Local-express lanes
  • Passengers per hour per management – Measure of passenger capacity of a transportation network
  • Platoon (automobile) – Group of vehicles travelling separately but following another
  • Road capacity – Vehicles or people on a given route in a given time
  • Price road
  • Transportation Demand Management

Notes and references [edit]

  1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Metropolis. Routledge. p. 339.
  2. ^ a b c d "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada – Overview". Transport Canada. 2010-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19.
  3. ^ Federal Highway Assistants (2009-07-27). "A Review of HOV Lane Performance and Policy Options in the United States – Section 1: Introduction". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  4. ^ "Transit Lanes". Roads & Traffic Authority, NSW. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . Budapest 29–31 October 2003.
  5. ^ Yair Wiseman (November 2019). "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle Lanes are an Expected Failure" (PDF). International Periodical of Command and Automation.
  6. ^ Sharon Shewmake (Nov 2012). "Can Carpooling Clear the Road and Clean the Air? Evidence on the Impact of HOV Lanes on VMT and air pollution". Journal of Planning Literature. 27 (4): 363–374. doi:10.1177/0885412212451028. S2CID 154610953.
  7. ^ a b c Katherine F. Turnbull. "History of HOV Facilities". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Retrieved 2012-04-26 . Complete business relationship published in Katherine F. Turnbull (1992), "HOV Projection Case Studies: History and Institutional Arrangements"
  8. ^ a b c Federal Highway Administration (December 2008). "Section ii: Operational Clarification of the Nation'southward HOV Lanes". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-24 .
  9. ^ a b California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) (2007). "Managed Lane". Caltrans. Retrieved 2012-04-26 .
  10. ^ a b c d e Christopher G. Leman; Preston 50. Schiller; Kristin Pauly. "Re-Thinking HOV – High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities and the Public Interest". National Transportation Library. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2012-04-30 . Research funded partly by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and the Bullitt Foundation, pp. 3–5.
  11. ^ a b c MIT "Real-Time" Rideshare Research (2009-01-24). "Selective History of Ridesharing – The 1970s Energy Crises". Massachusetts Constitute of Engineering. Retrieved 2012-04-xxx .
  12. ^ Peter Samuel (2005-01-12). "HOV lanes clogged with hybrids-complicate toll programme". Toll Roads News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  13. ^ a b "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Systems". Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). 4 December 2017.
  14. ^ American Public Transit Association (APTA). "Public Transportation: Moving America Forwards" (PDF). APTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . Meet p. 6
  15. ^ Texas Transportation Institute (September 2002). "Executive Report. Effects of Changing HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Report". Federal Highway Assistants. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  16. ^ "Metro Limited Lanes".
  17. ^ "UDOT and UHP launch Express Lane education and enforcement blitz – Transportation Web log". web log.udot.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-31 .
  18. ^ Freeway Management Program, FHWA (2012-01-12). "Frequently Asked HOV Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-27 .
  19. ^ a b Quinn DJ, Gilson DR, Dixon MT (1998). "Britain's beginning high occupancy vehicle lane – the A647, Leeds". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  20. ^ a b c d due east Due south. Schijns (2006). "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes – Worldwide Lessons for European Practitioners" (PDF). McCormick Rankin Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . See Section 3.1
  21. ^ "Dutch parliamentary record on the carpooling lanes experiment (archived)" (in Dutch). Statengeneraaldigitaal.nl. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  22. ^ Constitute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. "Experience in Europe: Leeds, UK". Konsult Leeds. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  23. ^ T Haugen (2004). "Evaluation of Hov-lanes in Norway". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  24. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  25. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Road Travel Demand – Meeting the Challenge. OECD Publishing. p. 134. ISBN978-92-64-17551-8.
  26. ^ "New lane to ease Hoddle Street blues - National - theage.com.au". The Historic period. 2005-05-17. Retrieved 2018-06-xi .
  27. ^ "Transit Guides". Auckland Ship. 2011-10-28. Archived from the original on 2011-eleven-25. Retrieved 2010-05-06 .
  28. ^ a b Auckland Transport. "Priority lanes for carpooling" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  29. ^ "What is an EV lane". 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-09-27 .
  30. ^ Auckland Transport. "Due north Shore transit lanes" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  31. ^ Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Problem Than a Solution | The Jakarta Globe Archived March 18, 2013, at the Wayback Auto
  32. ^ 'Car jockeys' cash in on Jakarta's traffic snarl | News | Mail & Guardian
  33. ^ a b "Pemberlakuan ganjil-genap pukul xvi.00, kawasan Sudirman tersendat". August 30, 2016.
  34. ^ "CRASH ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES IN TEXAS: METHODOLOGY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS". Texas Transportation Plant. September 2004. Dallas corridors with buffer-separated concurrent flow HOV lanes did show a alter in crash occurrence with an increase in injury crash charge per unit. The IH-35E North corridor experienced a 56 per cent increase in the injury crash rate. The IH-635 corridor experienced a 41 per cent increase in the injury crash rate. A closer look at the crash data indicates that the higher injury crash rates were primarily due to the crashes occurring on the HOV lane and on the inside general-purpose lane which is adjacent to the HOV lane.
  35. ^ Murakami, Kery (October 17, 2008). "Answers to BAT lane questions". Seattle Postal service-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
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External links [edit]

  • Frequently Asked HOV Questions, Federal Highway Administration
  • High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada, Transport Canada
  • HOV Priority, TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Plant
  • California Eligible Vehicle List – Single occupant carpool lane stickers, California Air Resources Lath.
  • Information on how to map HOV facilities within OpenStreetMap
  • HOV lanes mapping based on data from OpenStreetMap.
  • Deal lowers tolls on I-85 HOT lanes
  • VARIABLE PRICING:San Diego's I-15 HOT Lanes Mainstreamed Commodity about kickoff variable price price lane (1998)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane

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